今日突然興趣於尼采的對意志的解讀。

   JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU, was born at Geneva on June 28th,1712. He was converted to Catholicism under the influence of a priest when he was a boy. Deficiencies of systematic education during his childhood, Rousseau endeavored to read at the times of falling into love with Mme de Warens.

1738-1740, Rousseau made the acquaintance of Condillac. 1742, He went to Paris. 1743, He was a secretary to a French ambassador, but dismissed for unrespect in next year. 1745, First time to met Voltaire.

編者按：博雅教育（liberal arts education），又稱為“人文通識教育，在西方是一項歷史悠久的教育傳統，以經典閱讀、批判思考、全人培養為重心，而非簡單的專業/技能培訓。近期，學人君採訪了三位在歐美名校學習的同學，他們對博雅教育有著直接而深刻的感受，希望能給國內讀者帶來一些啟示。

   The two relative events dwarfed the prestige and authority of the church, the Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism. The Avignon Papacy means a relocation of the papacy from Rome to a city of Avignon. This relocation is a response to the rise of nation-states in secular influence, especially to political pressure from the French king Philip IV. The construction of a luxurious court of the Avignon popes contributed to the increasing need for church revenue. The sequence of that led simony which is a corruption that sold church offices, to levy more taxes upon clergymen, and to step up the sale of indulgences. These unmoral efforts at the range of finance and politics damaged the reputation of the church.

Samurai, skilled warriors in ancient Japan, belonged to a specific rank in society, held land in return for local landlords. Land as a property reflects that the transmission of a power or a right, that had been seen in traditional Japan. By means of lands and the relationship of power generated by lands, samurai with the arts of archery and swordsmanship devoted their allegiance for clans and protected them from riots. The specific rank sustained the stability of society during the peaceful period, but at the time of rebellion they played a key role in rebelling social order.

The layout of Chinese architectures reflect the practice of feng shui and quest for harmony with nature. “Structures were emphatically horizontal - built to hug the earth.”

At the time of the Tang Era, landscape painting became the popular genre of Chinese art. The literati viewed landscape paintings as wordless poems, and poems as formless paintings,such metaphors reflect the close relationship between painting and poetry in Chinese art. Unlike the Christian paintings, the landscape paintings prefer to evoke the emotion rather than provide a objective description of reality. And landscape paintings are more secular less relative to religion. The specific nature of Chinese landscape painting is that human occupations seem mundane and incidental. So what display in front of your eyes are mountains, mist, rivers, waterfalls, flying birds, and a variety of trees in landscape paintings.

As the contagious COVID-19 sweeping the world, some social riots occur in some counties with some fuels. For example, stimulated by Black Live Matter movement and disobeying in “social distancing” order, many cities occur riots in American. Let us ask an question that what is the relationship between plague and protest? To answer this question we should go back to the history the Black Death and riots in Europe.

Dated back to 1348 the deadly Black Death had swept England, and continuing for more than 300 years. During the time of epidemic, the social responses are familiar with what we are experiencing today. In other words, plague and protest are correlated.